Wiley, R. H., and D. S. Lee. 2000. Pomarine Jaeger (Stercorarius
pomarinus). In The Birds of North America, No. 483 (A.
Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, PA.
24 pp.
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INTRODUCTION | | |
he Pomarine Jaeger, the largest of the three species of jaegers,
is a powerful, heavily built predator. An adult in full plumage is
a magnificent sight, with its twisted central rectrices often much more
elongated than shown in illustrations. Like other jaegers, the
Pomarine Jaeger nests in arctic tundra and spends the rest of its life at
sea. The name "pomarine" is based on the scientific name, proposed
in 1815 by C. J. Temminck, from Greek roots meaning "lid-nosed", a
reference to the saddle-like sheath covering the base of the upper bill in
all species of jaegers.
Pomarine Jaegers are perhaps unique among birds in their dependence on
a single species of prey for successful reproduction. Suitable
conditions for nesting usually occur in low-lying wet tundra near arctic
coasts where there are periodic irruptions of brown lemmings (Lemmus
trimucronatus) or, in northern Russia, the very similar
L. sibiricus. Successful reproduction occurs only in one of
every three or four years in a typical lemming cycle, and only in areas
where lemming populations reach high biomass. It is possible that
most production of young occurs episodically at only a few places in the
Arctic.
Because breeding is so variable at any one location, some
investigators have speculated that this species is nomadic, breeding
opportunistically wherever lemmings occur in sufficient numbers in a
particular summer. In many summers, however, there are apparently
no such oppotunities over large areas of the Arctic, and most Pomarine
Jaegers leave the Arctic almost immediately.
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When not breeding, individuals spend their lives at sea, often far
from land, in tropical and subtropical oceans. There they forage
primarily by scavenging and by predation on small seabirds. They
also practice kleptoparasitism, stealing food from other birds, but less
often than do Parasitic Jaegers (Stercorarius
parasiticus). The Pomarine's methods of parasitism are less
elegant than those of the smaller jaegers; they often rely on surprise and
brute force to tackle shearwaters and gulls feeding on the water rather
than on acrobatics in flight.
The distinctive twisted rectrices of breeding Pomarine Jaegers are
often lost soon after birds leave the Arctic. Many birds seen near
North American coasts in autumn and winter are adults in Basic plumage,
which closely resemble immatures. Identification of the three
species of jaegers in these plumages presents a continuing challenge, as a
result of general similarities among species and great variation within
each species. Like the Parasitic Jaeger, Pomarine adults as well as
immatures have dark and light morphs, although in the Pomarine Jaeger dark
morphs are always scarce (<15% of birds in all populations).
The highly specialized reproductive ecology of the Pomarine Jaeger
makes it one of the least studied birds of the Arctic, and its
exceptionally localized and episodic reproduction make it one of the most
potentially vulnerable to human disturbance. Intensive studies of
breeding biology have been restricted to northern Alaska and a total of no
more than 8 seasons (Pitelka et al. 1955a, Maher 1970, 1974, Andersson
1973a, 1973b).
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